Iran iraq
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The Iranian Revolution began in 1978 as discontent with the Western-backed Shah erupted in demonstrations. Ayatollah Khomeini emerged as a leader of the opposition and helped establish an Islamic republic after the Shah fled in 1979. In 1980, Iraq invaded Iran starting the Iran-Iraq War in an attempt to gain control of a waterway, but neither side achieved major territorial gains before a ceasefire. Relations between the U.S. and Iran remain tense today due to ongoing disputes dating back to the 1979 revolution and subsequent hostage crisis.
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The Iran-Iraq War began in 1980 when Iraq invaded Iran and lasted until 1988. There were several longstanding territorial disputes over the Shatt al-Arab waterway and religious and ideological tensions between the two countries' governments that contributed to the outbreak of war. Iraq's leader Saddam Hussein hoped to take advantage of Iran's weakened military and divided new revolutionary government to achieve influence in the region. The war resulted in over a million casualties before a UN-brokered ceasefire.
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The Iranian Revolution of 1979 established the first Islamic fundamentalist state. Long-term causes included the discovery of oil which foreign powers exploited, generating nationalist resentment. Immediate causes were widespread protests against the Shah's oppressive and western-aligned rule, led by Ayatollah Khomeini. The Shah fled in 1979 and Khomeini established an Islamic theocracy, imposing strict Islamic law and isolating Iran internationally. The revolution had significant regional impacts and tensions with Iraq and the West continue over Iran's nuclear program.
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Upon request I have uploaded the slides for my presentation on Iran. These slides were only meant to provide graphics for my talk, so they may not provide much information by themselves.
Islamic Revolution in Iran: Background and Aftermath
The Iranian Revolution of 1979 overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty and established Iran as an Islamic republic. Led by Ayatollah Khomeini, the revolution erupted amid widespread public dissatisfaction with the Westernization policies of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the brutal methods of his secret police. Protests and strikes paralyzed the country in late 1978. In early 1979, the Shah fled Iran and Khomeini returned from exile, consolidating control and declaring an Islamic republic. The revolution had major social, political, and economic impacts both within Iran and internationally, including the U.S. hostage crisis.
Iranianrevolution
The Iranian Revolution began in 1978 as demonstrations against the oppressive rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and to overthrow the monarchy. By 1979, the revolution had succeeded in removing the Shah from power and establishing Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as the new leader of Iran. Khomeini established an Islamic republic and new constitution that reflected the traditional Islamic values of the population that the Shah had suppressed. The revolution transformed Iran from a Western-allied monarchy to an Islamic republic and had significant geopolitical impacts.
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2. In the 20th century, Afghanistan had shifting alliances with Britain and the Soviet Union. A communist coup in 1978 installed a pro-Soviet government and led to a Soviet invasion in 1979 to support the new regime.
3. The Soviet withdrawal in 1989 was followed by a civil war and the rise of the Taliban regime in the 1990s. Al Qaeda attacks from Afghanistan in 2001 prompted a U.S.-led invasion that overthrew the Taliban.
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The document discusses the historical relations between Pakistan and Iran. It notes that Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan and that the two countries have had close geopolitical and cultural ties. However, it also points out some factors that have damaged relations, including supporting opposing groups in Afghanistan during the 1990s, sectarian violence, and tensions arising from Iran's criticism of Pakistan taking US aid and demanding Pakistan sever ties with the US after 1979.
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The Iranian Revolution of 1979 established the first Islamic fundamentalist state. Long-term causes included the discovery of oil which foreign powers exploited, generating nationalist resentment. Immediate causes were widespread protests against the Shah's oppressive and western-aligned rule, led by Ayatollah Khomeini. The Shah fled in 1979 and Khomeini established an Islamic theocracy, imposing strict Islamic law and isolating Iran internationally. The revolution had significant regional impacts and tensions with Iraq and the West continue over Iran's nuclear program.
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Upon request I have uploaded the slides for my presentation on Iran. These slides were only meant to provide graphics for my talk, so they may not provide much information by themselves.
Islamic Revolution in Iran: Background and Aftermath
The Iranian Revolution of 1979 overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty and established Iran as an Islamic republic. Led by Ayatollah Khomeini, the revolution erupted amid widespread public dissatisfaction with the Westernization policies of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the brutal methods of his secret police. Protests and strikes paralyzed the country in late 1978. In early 1979, the Shah fled Iran and Khomeini returned from exile, consolidating control and declaring an Islamic republic. The revolution had major social, political, and economic impacts both within Iran and internationally, including the U.S. hostage crisis.
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The Iranian Revolution began in 1978 as demonstrations against the oppressive rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and to overthrow the monarchy. By 1979, the revolution had succeeded in removing the Shah from power and establishing Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini as the new leader of Iran. Khomeini established an Islamic republic and new constitution that reflected the traditional Islamic values of the population that the Shah had suppressed. The revolution transformed Iran from a Western-allied monarchy to an Islamic republic and had significant geopolitical impacts.
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Since 1978, Afghanistan has experienced nearly constant conflict, beginning with the Soviet invasion and installation of a communist government. Throughout the 1980s, mujahideen resistance fighters received support from the U.S. and others to combat Soviet forces. After the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, the mujahideen took control but then fractured and fought amongst each other, leading to civil war. The Taliban emerged in the 1990s and established control over most of the country, except for the northern alliance. In 2001, U.S.-led forces removed the Taliban from power following the 9/11 attacks, but conflict has continued as the Taliban wages an insurgency against the U.S.-backed Afghan government.
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Osama bin Laden grew up in Saudi Arabia, the son of a Yemeni immigrant who became wealthy through construction contracts. Bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan in the 1980s to join the mujahideen resistance against the Soviet invasion. The CIA provided financial and military support including Stinger missiles to the mujahideen, including bin Laden's forces. After the Soviet withdrawal, bin Laden formed al-Qaeda and declared war on the United States, carrying out attacks such as the 1998 US embassy bombings in Africa.
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Afghanistan has a population of 32 million and has faced decades of conflict and instability. It has been conquered by various empires throughout history and gained independence from Britain in 1919. In the late 1970s, it experienced a civil war and Soviet invasion, which led to a rise in Taliban control and harboring of Al-Qaeda in the late 1990s. After the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US, which were planned by Al-Qaeda leaders Osama bin Laden and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, the US launched Operation Enduring Freedom to remove the Taliban regime for protecting Al-Qaeda and capture bin Laden. While the Taliban was removed from power, conflict has continued as the Taliban has regained strength and the country remains politically
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The document summarizes the Middle East conflicts involving the U.S. since 2001. It describes the 9/11 attacks carried out by Al Qaeda, the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan to find Osama Bin Laden, and the U.S. invasion of Iraq over suspected weapons of mass destruction. While Bin Laden was killed in 2011, the U.S. is still involved militarily in Afghanistan and Iraq with the goal of establishing stable governments and preventing threats from Al Qaeda and the Taliban.
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2) It describes Pakistan's role in assisting the Afghan mujahideen against the Soviets during the 1980s, as well as General Musharraf's support for the US after 9/11.
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The document summarizes the key events of the Iranian Revolution. It describes the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who ruled from 1942 to 1979 with US support and established the secret police SAVAK. It also discusses Ayatollah Khomeini, who led opposition to the Shah and was exiled until 1979. The causes of the revolution included public dissatisfaction with the Shah's suppression of Islamic rules and influence of Western culture. In 1978, large protests against the Shah resulted in military crackdowns and deaths, fueling more unrest. Strikes crippled the economy, and millions demonstrated in Tehran calling for an Islamic republic. The Shah fled Iran in January 1979, and Ayatollah Khomeini
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1. Afghanistan has borders with Pakistan, former Soviet republics, Iran, and a short border with China. It became a unified state in the 1700s but remained poor and underdeveloped.
2. In the 20th century, Afghanistan had shifting alliances with Britain and the Soviet Union. A communist coup in 1978 installed a pro-Soviet government and led to a Soviet invasion in 1979 to support the new regime.
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The document discusses the historical relations between Pakistan and Iran. It notes that Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan and that the two countries have had close geopolitical and cultural ties. However, it also points out some factors that have damaged relations, including supporting opposing groups in Afghanistan during the 1990s, sectarian violence, and tensions arising from Iran's criticism of Pakistan taking US aid and demanding Pakistan sever ties with the US after 1979.
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In April, 2015, ISIS militants pose with their banner in a suburb of Damascus, Syria, that they had just partially captured. What has caused the rise of ISIS, and what can be done to counter it?
Photo by Balkis Press/Sipa USA (Sipa via AP Images)
In spring 2014, an Islamic army known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) swarmed across northern Syria and Iraq conquering territory larger than Belgium, including Iraq’s second largest city of Mosul. Also known as the Islamic State (IS), Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and Daesh, its Arab label, ISIS declared itself a Caliphate, resurrecting the ancient empire of Islam, and proceeded to threaten Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. Thousands of jihadists (religious revolutionaries) joined ISIS, some from the United States; and scattered extremist groups from North Africa to Southeast Asia pledged allegiance to ISIS and adopted its black flag. The Caliphate, under its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, imposed a brutal Sunni Muslim law in the conquered territories, and hooded warriors beheaded Western journalists, local Christians and Shiite (non-Sunni) Muslims, captured in terrifying videos that went viral on the Internet. Ben Rhodes, the Deputy National Security Adviser to President Obama, identified the threat to the United States: “They are seeking to establish themselves as the vanguard terrorist organization that is at war with the U.S. and the West on behalf of Islam.”1
What causes a conflict of this sort? And what can be done about it? As students of international relations, we start with the facts, but we have to be careful. There are so many facts, and we can’t know them all or know for certain which ones may be the most important ones that cause other things to happen. Let’s look at what appear to be the salient facts in the case of ISIS and then make a first stab at how we sort out the facts and causes of international events to understand them better.
Syria and Iraq are centrally located in the geographically strategic region of the Middle East. They are Muslim countries that border the Mediterranean Sea, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Turkey. Both Eastern and Western empires have occupied this region. Christian crusaders invaded in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and the region was part of the Ottoman Empire for several centuries. The first Muslim Caliphate dated from the thirteenth century. After World War I and the collapse of the Caliphate, Syria became a colonial territory under French administration, while Iraq became a British colony. Both became independent nations after World War II. After World War II, oil became a major resource in the Middle East. Western companies monopolized oil production and remain today major economic players in the region even though the oil-producing states now control their own oil and influence global oil markets through the Organization of Petroleum .
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The document summarizes the Iranian Revolution and hostage crisis between Iran and the United States. It describes how widespread opposition to the U.S.-backed Shaw led to riots and civil war, resulting in the Shaw's overthrow. Ayatollah Khomeini then established an Islamic republic in Iran. In 1979, Iranian militants stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 52 American hostages, who were held for over a year until their release in 1981 after Ronald Reagan became president.
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The document provides a historical overview of Iraq, including its origins in ancient Mesopotamia and periods of rule under various empires. It discusses Iraq's establishment as a monarchy in 1921 and as a republic in 1958, followed by rule under Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath party from 1968-2003. Major events covered include the Iran-Iraq War, the Gulf War, the US-led invasion in 2003, and the subsequent insurgency and civil war. The document also summarizes key policies and outcomes of the Iraq War under US Presidents Bush and Obama.
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1) The 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran which established an Islamic republic and ended American control, taking of US hostages in Tehran for over a year in response.
2) Iraq invading Iran in 1980 starting the Iran-Iraq War which lasted until 1988 with over 500,000 casualties and chemical weapons used, though no territorial changes.
3) The US publicly backed Iraq in the war but the Iran-Contra scandal revealed the US also secretly sold weapons to Iran in the 1980s violating arms embargoes.
Iran_2012.ppt
1) In 1935, Iran's ruler insisted the country's name be changed from Persia to Iran.
2) In 1979, widespread demonstrations and unrest led to the overthrow of the Shah and the establishment of an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Khomeini.
3) The Iranian Revolution transformed Iran from a pro-Western monarchy to a populist theocratic republic led by clerics, with the Ayatollah serving as the Supreme Leader.
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The document discusses the emergence of ISIL in the context of historical U.S. involvement in the Middle East since the early 20th century. It outlines that ISIL seeks to create a caliphate controlled by Wahhabist Sunni Muslims across parts of Iraq and Syria. The U.S. role in the region is described as using economic, military and cultural power to control land, labor and resources, especially oil deposits discovered in the early 1900s. The document then provides a brief historical overview of the Ottoman Empire, World War I, British and French colonial divisions, the Cold War, and the Arab Spring uprisings as important context for understanding the rise of ISIL.
Why Islam permeates our science and Timeline of Radical Islam
We need to educate moderate and secular muslim the fundamental cause of rising global Islamism based on a doctrine promulgated and bolstered by selfish agenda of middle eastern Arab despots.
Persian gulf war,etc
The United States has had significant political and economic interests in the Middle East for over a century due to large oil supplies in the region that are important for the US energy supply. This led the US to join a UN coalition to expel Iraq from Kuwait in the 1990 Gulf War after Iraq invaded to control Kuwait's oil. Subsequently, the US invaded Afghanistan in 2001 to defeat al-Qaeda and the Taliban government that supported it following 9/11, and invaded Iraq in 2003 over claims Iraq had WMDs and ties to terrorism. US troops remain engaged in both countries today.
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The document provides a history of the Middle East, beginning with the origins of civilization in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. It discusses the founding of the major monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the establishment of the Ottoman Empire in the region. Key events covered include the creation of Israel in 1948, the founding of the Palestinian Liberation Organization in 1964, wars between Israel and neighboring states, and conflicts in Iraq including the Gulf War and US-led invasion in 2003.
History Of The Middle East 2 Test Audio
The document provides a history of the Middle East, beginning with the origins of civilization in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. It discusses the founding of the major monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the establishment of the Ottoman Empire in the region. Key events covered include the creation of Israel in 1948, the founding of the Palestinian Liberation Organization in 1964, wars between Israel and neighboring states, and conflicts in Iraq including the Gulf War and US-led invasion in 2003.
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The document provides background information on the Iran-Iraq war that occurred from 1980-1988. It discusses the key players of Iran and Iraq, reasons for the conflict, the timeline of major events, and the involvement and stances of other countries like the US. The US initially pursued a two-track policy of supporting Iraq while also secretly supplying arms to Iran, in an attempt to prolong the war and weaken both sides.
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- 2. The Iranian Revolution With Mohammad Reza (Shah) back in power in Iran, the United States and other Western nations accepted Iran as the leading power in the Persian Gulf region. The Socialists and Islamic traditionalists opposed the shah’s ties to the West. Also an economic slump in the 1970s frustrated millions of Iranians because few were receiving aid from petrodollars. Those who opposed the shah began to follow Ayatollah Khomeini who had been banished from Iran since 1964.
- 3. The Iranian Revolution In 1978 discontent with the shah’s rule erupted in riots and demonstrations and the shah was forced to leave Iran in January 1979. Khomeini returned the next month and abolished the monarchy and established a Islamic republic. Iranian Revolution
- 4. The Iranian Revolution In exile the shah entered the US for medical treatment. On November 4th, 1979 Iranian militants captured the US embassy and took 60 American hostages. Hostage take over The militants demanded that Mohammad Reza be returned to stand trial. The shah left the US but died in Egypt in 1980. However the Iranians continued to hold the hostages until January 1981. 444 Days
- 5. The Iranian Revolution In September 1980 Iraq invaded Iran because it wanted control of a waterway. Little territorial gain was made by either side. Khomeini died in 1989 and more moderate leaders took over. Relations between the US and Iran remain strained today.
- 6. Struggle for Leadership in the Arab World Iraq The nationalist Ba’ath Party seized power in 1968. Saddam Hussein was one of the driving forces, who used execution and imprisonment to removed anyone who threatened the party. In 1979 he took control of the government. When the Kurds in northern Iraq called for a degree of self-rule, Hussein used chemical weapons against them.
- 7. Iraq Following the Iran-Iraq War, Iraq had the best equipped army in the Arab world. In 1990 he invaded Kuwait and annexed the country in August. Saddam next turned to Saudi Arabia.
- 8. Iraq To protect Saudi Arabia, a coalition of about 30 nations launched Operation Desert Shield. 600,000 were sent to defend S.A. The UN imposed economic sanctions on Iraq and set a date for Iraqi withdrawal. When the date passed Operation Desert Shield became Operation Desert Storm. After 40 days of bombing ground forces invaded Kuwait and southern Iraq. Kuwait was liberated, but Saddam remained in power.
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